WA-TOR

Products: WA-TOR
Developer(s): Fred Nachbaur
Date: 1985
Type: Cassette
Platform(s): TS 1000

WA-TOR is a predator-prey population simulator based on the Computer Recreations piece in Scientific American, in which the user populates a toroidal ocean planet with fish and sharks and observes whether both species can reach a long-term equilibrium. The program is heavily machine-code driven: line 0 contains a large REM block holding the entire executable, with RAND USR calls throughout the BASIC launching routines for the title screen, parameter input, graphing, and simulation engine. It incorporates Nissim Elmaleh’s “SHR” machine-code library for the cover screen and graphing routines. The BASIC layer is minimal—lines 1 through 37—serving mainly as a loader and menu shell, with VAL “number” used in GO TO and RAND USR targets as a memory-saving idiom. A save/restart menu (lines 13–37) allows the user to preserve a run to tape or restart the simulation.

Program Analysis

Program Structure

The program is divided into two distinct layers. The first is a large machine-code payload stored in the REM statement at line 0, which contains all simulation logic, graphics routines, the title/cover screen renderer, and population-graphing code. The second layer is a short BASIC shell (lines 1–37) that acts as a loader, parameter-input handler, and save/restart menu.

Execution flow proceeds as follows:

  1. Line 1: RAND USR VAL "18048" — jumps into the machine-code title/cover screen routine.
  2. Lines 2–3: Initialize BASIC variables N=0 and Y=1 using NOT PI and NOT N.
  3. Line 4: RAND USR VAL "16514" — launches the parameter-input machine-code routine.
  4. Lines 5–12: BASIC INPUT loop that validates a numeric parameter A against a PEEK-derived maximum, POKEs it into a system address, and calls further machine-code routines at addresses 16660, 16771, and 16708.
  5. Lines 13–17: Post-run save menu — prompts the user to save, collects a filename via INPUT, and executes SAVE N$.
  6. Lines 20–23: Restart sequence using RAND USR VAL "17577", CLS, LIST VAL "18", and STOP.
  7. Lines 30–37: Keypress-driven menu loop for launching a new game or saving the program to tape as "WATOR" (with the R in inverse video as an auto-run marker).

Machine Code Usage

The REM block at line 0 is several kilobytes long and contains the full simulation and display engine. Multiple RAND USR calls throughout the BASIC dispatch into specific offsets within this block. Key entry points identified from the BASIC include:

AddressRole
18048Title/cover screen display (uses SHR library)
16514Parameter input machine-code routine
16660Simulation initialisation
16771Main simulation/graphing loop
16708Error/re-prompt routine
17577Restart/reset routine
18496Called during tape-save restart sequence
16698Called on non-S keypress in menu loop (line 32)

The machine code handles the toroidal ocean grid, creature movement rules, breeding and starvation counters for both species, and population graph rendering — none of which appears in BASIC.

Key BASIC Idioms

  • VAL "number" in RAND USR and GO TO: Used throughout (e.g., RAND USR VAL "18048", GOTO VAL "11") as a standard memory-saving technique — storing the line number or address as a short string rather than a full floating-point constant.
  • NOT PI / NOT N: Lines 2–3 use LET N=NOT PI (evaluates to 0) and LET Y=NOT N (evaluates to 1) as a compact way to assign integer 0 and 1.
  • Computed branch in line 14: GOTO 14+(INKEY$="Y")+(7 AND INKEY$="N") — a single-line dispatch: staying at 14 if no key, jumping to 15 on “Y”, jumping to 21 on “N” (14+7=21), neatly implementing a yes/no branch without IF statements.
  • Busy-wait loop at line 30: IF INKEY$="" THEN GOTO 30 waits for any keypress before the menu branches.
  • Parameter bounds check via PEEK: Line 6 uses PEEK VAL "16393" to fetch the upper limit for parameter A from a machine-code-written memory location, keeping the validation dynamic.

Save/Restart Menu

Lines 30–37 implement a tape-oriented utility loop. Pressing “S” branches to line 36, which saves the program. Any other key calls the machine-code routine at 16698 (likely a screen clear or reset), then CLEAR, then RAND USR VAL "18496", and finally RUN to restart. The GOTO VAL "30" at line 37 returns to the wait loop after a save, allowing repeated saves or a subsequent restart.

Notable Techniques

  • The REM block embeds the SHR machine-code library for cover-screen rendering and graphing, integrating third-party assembly into the program as data within line 0.
  • The inverse-video REM comment at line 19 (RESTART: GOTO 20) serves as an in-listing human-readable label with no runtime effect, a common documentation practice in machine-code-heavy BASIC programs.
  • Storing the machine-code entry points as VAL "number" strings rather than numeric literals marginally reduces the memory used by the BASIC program’s variable-length number representation.
  • The use of PEEK VAL "16393" for the parameter maximum means the BASIC validation loop is automatically coupled to whatever the machine code has set up, requiring no hardcoded limit in BASIC.

Anomalies and Observations

  • Line 22 uses LIST VAL "18" in the restart path (between CLS and STOP), which is unusual — it will display part of the BASIC listing momentarily before STOP halts execution. This appears intentional, possibly to show the user which line to RUN from.
  • Line 19 is a REM with a human-readable label but is never the target of any GO TO; the actual restart entry is line 20.
  • The jump from line 10 is GOTO VAL "13", skipping lines 11–12 (the error path), after a successful parameter entry and machine-code simulation run.

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Source Code

   0 REM 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   1 RAND USR VAL "18048"
   2 LET N=NOT PI
   3 LET Y=NOT N
   4 RAND USR VAL "16514"
   5 INPUT A
   6 IF A<N OR A>PEEK VAL "16393" THEN GOTO VAL "11"
   7 POKE VAL "16417",A
   8 RAND USR VAL "16660"
   9 RAND USR VAL "16771"
  10 GOTO VAL "13"
  11 RAND USR VAL "16708"
  12 GOTO VAL "5"
  13 PRINT AT N,VAL "8";" SAVE THIS RUN ?"
  14 GOTO 14+(INKEY$="Y")+(7 AND INKEY$="N")
  15 PRINT ,," SAVE NAME?"
  16 INPUT N$
  17 SAVE N$
  19 REM %R%E%S%T%A%R%T%: GOTO 20
  20 RAND USR VAL "17577"
  21 CLS 
  22 LIST VAL "18"
  23 STOP 
  30 IF INKEY$="" THEN GOTO 30
  31 IF INKEY$="S" THEN GOTO 36
  32 RAND USR 16698
  33 CLEAR 
  34 RAND USR VAL "18496"
  35 RUN 
  36 SAVE "WATO%R"
  37 GOTO VAL "30"

Note: Type-in program listings on this website use ZMAKEBAS notation for graphics characters.

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Archived Media Downloadable TS 1000 Game Simulation

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